Differences in the Impact of Various Types of Exercise on Irisin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Irisin, a myokine that is responsive to exercise, induces significant changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. By promoting the browning of white fat tissue, it enhances energy expenditure, thereby addressing overweight and obesity. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of different types of physical exercises on irisin levels in overweight and obese adults. Methods: Specifically, the review focused on studies involving obese or overweight individuals who participated in exercise training for a minimum of 8 weeks, with measured and reported changes in serum irisin levels compared to a control group. Data were collected from four databases (Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and Scopus). The risk of bias was assessed using the Begg and Egger tests, and the results were synthesized. Results: Initial searches identified 560 titles, out of which only seven met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant increase in serum irisin concentration (SMD = 0.957, P = 0.005) among obese and overweight individuals who engaged in exercise, compared to the passive control group. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) (SMD = 1.229, P < 0.001) had a more pronounced effect on increasing serum irisin levels than other exercise protocols. Furthermore, the effectiveness of exercise varied based on the participants' weight status (significant changes for overweight individuals; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for obese individuals; P = 0.1), age (significant changes for those under 40 years old; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for those over 40 years old; P = 0.322), and gender (significant changes for men; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for women; P = 0.285). Conclusions: Consequently, exercise can elevate serum irisin levels, leading to alterations in adipose tissue phenotype and thermogenesis, ultimately contributing to weight reduction in obese and overweight individuals.

Exercise-induced cardiac mitochondrial reorganization and enhancement in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The myocardium is a highly oxidative tissue in which mitochondria are essential to supply the energy required to maintain pump function. When pathological hypertrophy develops, energy consumption augments and jeopardizes mitochondrial capacity. We explored the cardiac consequences of chronic swimming training, focusing on the mitochondrial network, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male adult SHR were randomized to sedentary or trained (T: 8-week swimming protocol). Blood pressure and echocardiograms were recorded, and hearts were removed at the end of the training period to perform molecular, imaging, or isolated mitochondria studies. Swimming improved cardiac midventricular shortening and decreased the pathological hypertrophic marker atrial natriuretic peptide. Oxidative stress was reduced, and even more interesting, mitochondrial spatial distribution, dynamics, function, and ATP were significantly improved in the myocardium of T rats. In the signaling pathway triggered by training, we detected an increase in the phosphorylation level of both AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3 ß, key downstream targets of insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling that are crucially involved in mitochondria biogenesis and integrity. Aerobic exercise training emerges as an effective approach to improve pathological cardiac hypertrophy and bioenergetics in hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Non-Pharmacological Interventions on Pain in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Some ALS patients exhibit concomitant nonmotor signs; thus, ALS is considered a multisystemic disorder. Pain is an important nonmotor symptom. Observational and case-control studies report high frequency of pain in ALS patients and it has been correlated with depression and quality of life. There are no specific scales for the assessment of pain and no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the drug management of pain in ALS. AIM: To systematically review the evidence for the nonpharmacological interventions (NPIs) in relieving pain in ALS, on March 2024, we searched the following databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. We also checked the bibliographies of trials identified to include further published or unpublished trials. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 1003 records were identified. Finally, five RCTs including 131 patients (64 in the intervention group and 67 in the control group) were included for meta-analysis. The interventions of the included RCTs consisted of muscle exercise, combined aerobics-strength intervention, and osteopathic manual treatment. The meta-analysis did not find a statistically significant difference in favor of NPIs for alleviating pain in ALS patients. CONCLUSIONS: ALS has a fulminant course and irreversibly leads to death. Pain in ALS patients, although a common nonmotor symptom, is often unrecognized and undertreated, and this is underlined by the lack of any RCTs on drug therapy for pain. Albeit NPIs are considered safe, as adverse effects are rarely reported, this systematic review did not provide sufficient evidence for a beneficial effect on pain. The scarceness of relevant literature highlights the need for future studies, with larger samples, more homogeneous in terms of interventions and population characteristics (stage of disease), and better choice of measurement scales to further investigate the efficacy, if any, of various pain interventions in ALS patients.

Dose-effect of exercise intervention on heart rate variability of acclimatized young male lowlanders at 3,680 m.

This study investigated whether exercise could improve the reduced HRV in an environment of high altitude. A total of 97 young, healthy male lowlanders living at 3,680 m for >1 year were recruited. They were randomized into four groups, of which three performed-low-, moderate-, and high-intensity (LI, MI, HI) aerobic exercise for 4 weeks, respectively. The remaining was the control group (CG) receiving no intervention. For HI, compared to other groups, heart rate (p = 0.002) was significantly decreased, while standard deviation of RR intervals (p < 0.001), SD2 of Poincaré plot (p = 0.046) and the number of successive RR interval pairs that differ by > 50 ms divided by total number of RR (p = 0.032), were significantly increased after intervention. For MI, significantly increase of trigonometric interpolation in NN interval (p = 0.016) was observed after exercise. Further, a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) after high-intensity exercise was found significantly associated with an increase in SD2 (r = - 0.428, p = 0.042). These results indicated that there was a dose effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise on the HRV of acclimatized lowlanders. Moderate and high-intensity aerobic exercise would change the status of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and decrease the blood pressure of acclimatized lowlanders exposed to high altitude.

Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of exercise are well known; however, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines, which mediate muscle-organ crosstalk. Myokines regulate satellite-cell proliferation and migration, inflammatory cascade, insulin secretion, angiogenesis, fatty oxidation, and cancer suppression. To date, the effects of different exercise modes (namely, aerobic and resistance exercise) on myokine response remain to be elucidated. This is crucial considering the clinical implementation of exercise to enhance general health and wellbeing and as a medical treatment. METHODS: A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science in April 2023. Eligible studies examining the effects of a single bout of exercise on IL-15, irisin, SPARC, OSM, and decorin were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was also undertaken to quantify the magnitude of change. RESULTS: Sixty-two studies were included (n = 1193). Overall, exercise appeared to induce small to large increases in myokine expression, with effects observed immediately after to 60 min post-exercise, although these were mostly not statistically significant. Both aerobic and resistance exercise resulted in changes in myokine levels, without any significant difference between training modes, and with the magnitude of change differing across myokines. Myokine levels returned to baseline levels within 180 min to 24 h post-exercise. However, owing to potential sources of heterogeneity, most changes were not statistically significant, indicating that precise conclusions cannot be drawn. CONCLUSION: Knowledge is limited but expanding with respect to the impact of overall and specific effects of exercise on myokine expression at different time points in the systemic circulation. Further research is required to investigate the effects of different exercise modes at multiple time points on myokine response.

Aerobic fitness as a moderator of acute aerobic exercise effects on executive function.

This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of aerobic fitness on the effect of acute exercise on improving executive function from both behavioral and cerebral aspects. Thirty-four young individuals with motor skills were divided into high- and low-fitness groups based on their maximal oxygen uptake. Both groups completed 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on a power bike. Executive function tests (Flanker, N-back, More-odd-shifting) were performed before and after exercise and functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor prefrontal cerebral blood flow changes during the tasks. The results indicated significant differences between the two groups regarding executive function. Participants with lower aerobic fitness performed better than their higher fitness counterparts in inhibitory control and working memory, but not in cognitive flexibility. This finding suggests that the aerobic fitness may moderate the extent of cognitive benefits gained from acute aerobic exercise. Furthermore, the neuroimaging data indicated negative activation in the frontopolar area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to three complex tasks. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual aerobic fitness when assessing the cognitive benefits of exercise and could have significant implications for tailoring fitness programs to enhance cognitive performance.

Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: The aging population is expected to triple by 2050. Executive functions decline with age, impacting daily tasks, and this is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Aerobic and resistance exercises positively affect cognitive function in older adults by influencing growth markers. However, the modalities of exercise and the optimal parameters for maximum cognitive benefits remain unclear. (2) Methods: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted. The systematic search was on slowing cognitive decline and performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. Articles were included if participants were ≥65 years, healthy, and performing resistance or aerobic exercise, and they were excluded if there was a combination of training and if they have neurological disease or cognitive impairment. (3) Results: The search strategy found a total of 1635 studies. After removing duplicates and assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 463 healthy older adults analyzed. No significant differences between the intervention groups and the control groups after the aerobic or resistance programs were found. (4) Conclusions: Aerobic exercise interventions improved executive function more than resistance training in older adults, but without statistically significant differences. This can serve as a guide to see, with caution, whether we need a multidisciplinary approach to be more effective in improving the cortical health of older adults.

Effect of Regular Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function, Depression Level and Regulative Role of Neurotrophic Factor: A Prospective Cohort Study in the Young and the Middle-Aged Sample.

Purpose: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and depressive disorder (DD), which are associated with unhealthy lifestyles, are prevalent worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effects of regular aerobic exercise on cognitive function, depression, and the regulatory role of neurotrophic growth factors for providing scientific basis in preventing MCI and DD in healthy individuals. Patients and Methods: Eighty members of the fitness center and 80 community residents were recruited, who were administered by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the peripheral blood were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The RBANS and other factor scores, except for visuospatial abilities, were higher and PHQ-9 scores were lower in the study group than in the control group. The concentrations of BDNF and GDNF in the study group were higher than those in the control group. RBANS and its factor scores positively and PHQ-9 negatively correlated with BDNF and GDNF levels. Finally, multiple regression analysis showed that BDNF, as a predictor of RBANS, could explain 59.90% of its variance and that GDNF was a predictor of PHQ-9 could explain 12.30% of the variance. Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise can improve cognitive function and depressive symptoms by increasing the BDNF and GDNF levels.

Impact of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy and Aerobic Exercise on Patients Suffering With Hypertension: A Systematic Review.

Hypertension is a major preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review evaluates the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy and aerobic exercise on blood pressure (BP) levels in hypertensive patients. This study incorporated research conducted between 2012 and 2020 that was found through a systematic literature search. The measures used to estimate the improvement in BP include the BP measurements, quality-of-life (QOL) scale, and plasma nitric oxide (NO) level. The examination of the review comprised eight studies. These encompassed studies involving individuals with a systolic BP (SBP) above 140 mmHg and a diastolic BP (DBP) above 90 mmHg; those falling within the age range of 40 to 60 years, including both genders; and patients on antihypertensive medications. The review of selected articles concluded that PEMF therapy and aerobic exercise positively impact BP among individuals with hypertension. Aerobic exercises of moderate intensity including brisk walking, jogging, and cycling type of aerobic exercises help reduce BP and maintain patients' physical fitness. PEMF therapy is a complementary approach that affects the biological system and potential health, positively impacting BP. Results indicate that PEMF therapy can be a nonpharmacological method to manage BP in clinical populations. More thorough research is necessary to understand the best dosage, long-term effects, and comparison between PEMF therapy and aerobic exercise.

The metabolome as a diagnostic for maximal aerobic capacity during exercise in type 1 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Our aim was to characterise the in-depth metabolic response to aerobic exercise and the impact of residual pancreatic beta cell function in type 1 diabetes. We also aimed to use the metabolome to distinguish individuals with type 1 diabetes with reduced maximal aerobic capacity in exercise defined by V ˙ O 2peak . METHODS: Thirty participants with type 1 diabetes (≥3 years duration) and 30 control participants were recruited. Groups did not differ in age or sex. After quantification of peak stimulated C-peptide, participants were categorised into those with undetectable (<3 pmol/l), low (3-200 pmol/l) or high (>200 pmol/l) residual beta cell function. Maximal aerobic capacity was assessed by V ˙ O 2peak test and did not differ between control and type 1 diabetes groups. All participants completed 45 min of incline treadmill walking (60% V ˙ O 2peak ) with venous blood taken prior to exercise, immediately post exercise and after 60 min recovery. Serum was analysed using targeted metabolomics. Metabolomic data were analysed by multivariate statistics to define the metabolic phenotype of exercise in type 1 diabetes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify circulating metabolomic markers of maximal aerobic capacity ( V ˙ O 2peak ) during exercise in health and type 1 diabetes. RESULTS: Maximal aerobic capacity ( V ˙ O 2peak ) inversely correlated with HbA1c in the type 1 diabetes group (r2=0.17, p=0.024). Higher resting serum tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites malic acid (fold change 1.4, p=0.001) and lactate (fold change 1.22, p=1.23×10-5) differentiated people with type 1 diabetes. Higher serum acylcarnitines (AC) (AC C14:1, F value=12.25, p=0.001345; AC C12, F value=11.055, p=0.0018) were unique to the metabolic response to exercise in people with type 1 diabetes. C-peptide status differentially affected metabolic responses in serum ACs during exercise (AC C18:1, leverage 0.066; squared prediction error 3.07). The malic acid/pyruvate ratio in rested serum was diagnostic for maximal aerobic capacity ( V ˙ O 2peak ) in people with type 1 diabetes (ROC curve AUC 0.867 [95% CI 0.716, 0.956]). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The serum metabolome distinguishes high and low maximal aerobic capacity and has diagnostic potential for facilitating personalised medicine approaches to manage aerobic exercise and fitness in type 1 diabetes.

Short-term effects of running exercise on pinch strength, grip strength, and manual dexterity of the dominant and non-dominant hands.

Occupations including first responders and military require manual tasks; therefore changes in hand strength and dexterity could affect performance. We hypothesised that pinch strength, grip strength, and dexterity will change after unloaded and loaded exercise. Twenty-four male (25 ± 4.0 yrs; 86.3 ± 9.3 kg) and 10 female (25 ± 6.0 yrs; 62.1 ± 5.9 kg) participants completed 3 conditions for 5 minutes: (1) no exercise (2) run with no load at 3.0 m/s and (3) run wearing a 9.1 kg belt. Heart rate was different among conditions (p ≤ 0.05). Pinch strength was significantly different for the non-dominant hand after exercise (p = 0.005) for male participants, but not for the dominant hand. Grip strength was significantly different for the non-dominant hand between loaded and unloaded run (p = 0.035) for male participants. Pinch and grip strength did not change after exercise for female participants. Dexterity times were not different after exercise, but female participants were significantly faster (p ≤ 0.039) than male participants.

Grip strength, pinch strength, and dexterity are maintained in the first 15 minutes after running exercise for male and female participants. The dominant hand should be used if greater and more consistent strength and dexterity are needed for tasks that involve use of the hands after exercise.Abbreviations: ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; CV: Coefficient of Variation; Dom: Dominant hand; Non-Dom: Non-dominant hand.

Effects of aerobic exercise on children's executive function and academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To investigate the effects of exercise on executive function in children, providing an evidence-based foundation to inform future research in school physical education and health education. Methods: We searched ten databases: Cochrane Library, Scopus, OVID, Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, CNKI, WANFANG DATA, VIP, and SinoMed, and eight articles were included. Applying the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB2), funnel plots and Egger regression analysis were integrated with R meta-analysis to screen for publication bias. The quality of the evidence was appraised using the Grading system. Results: The included literature contained 2655 participants, with 1308 in the experimental group and 1347 in the control group. The results indicated that the aerobic exercise group considerably improved inhibitory control in children compared to the control group [SMD = 0.29, 95% CI (0.05, 0.54), P = 0.018]; working memory [SMD = 0.25, 95% CI (0.07, 0.42), P = 0.005]; and cognitive flexibility [SMD = 0.36, 95% CI (0.17, 0.54), P < 0.001]. However, the findings indicated that only aerobic exercise interventions extending beyond 50 weeks positively influenced academic performance in children [SMD = 1.19, 95% CI (0.34, 2.04), P = 0.006]. The results of an Egger regression analysis revealed that the p-values for inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and academic performance were more significant than 0.1. The Grade system said that the quality of evidence was all low regarding the level of evidence. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise enhanced executive function but only aerobic exercise interventions extending beyond 50 weeks demonstrated a significant effect on the academic performance of children. Due to the low quality of evidence presented in this study, additional high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Effect of aerobic exercise on anthropometric parameters among Indian primary school children.

Childhood obesity is a global public health concern with significant implications for long-term health. This study addresses the rising rates of obesity among school-age children (10-12 years) and investigates the effectiveness of aerobic exercise interventions in improving anthropometric parameters, specifically focusing on BMI and mid-arm circumference (MAC). The study emphasizes the role of schools in shaping children's behaviors and aims to contribute empirical evidence to inform health promotion strategies for this demographic. The research employs a quasi-experimental design, involving 60 school-age children in Visnagar, Gujarat, India. The 12-week aerobic exercise intervention, conducted three times a week, comprises activities like running, jumping jacks, and dance routines. Data collection includes sociodemographic information, BMI, and MAC measurements. The study design, participant criteria, and intervention details are carefully outlined. Socio-demographic variables such as age and monthly family income significantly influence BMI, highlighting the importance of considering these factors in interventions. Pretest results show 80% of children classified as overweight, reducing to 58.3% post-intervention. The mean BMI significantly decreases from 24.41 to 22.84 (p < 0.05), indicating the positive impact of aerobic exercise. The study also explores the association between BMI, MAC, and socio-demographic variables through chi-square tests. Data shows the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-age children and demonstrates the effectiveness of a 12-week aerobic exercise program in improving BMI. Findings align with existing literature on the positive impact of physical activity on weight management in children.

Research on adults with subthreshold depression after aerobic exercise: a resting-state fMRI study based on regional homogeneity (ReHo).

Objective: Subthreshold depression (StD)/subsyndromal depression refers to a threatening precursor to depression. Aerobic exercise is a promising self-supportive adjunctive intervention and an effective measure for StD. Our study utilizes regional homogeneity (ReHo) to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on resting-state brain function. Methods: A total of 78 subjects, aged between 18 and 48 years, (StD group, n = 44; healthy control (HC) group, n = 34) engaged in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise 3-4 times per week for 8 weeks. Resting-state brain function and structural images were acquired before and after the exercise intervention. The ReHo method was employed to analyze abnormal changes in regional brain function, and a correlation analysis was performed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores. Results: The principal observation reveals synchronous abnormalities in the right anterior cingulate gyrus of the brain in StD subjects compared to HCs at baseline, with these differences dissipating after the implementation of aerobic exercise. After completing the aerobic exercise program, the StD group exhibited a difference in the right middle cingulate gyrus, while the left supplementary motor area (SMA) was altered in the HC group. Conclusion: Disparities in neural synchronization are evident between HCs and StD subjects, and the implementation of aerobic exercise intervention can effectively mitigate these distinctions, leading to a significant reduction in depressive symptoms among StD subjects. The primary mechanism of StD symptoms may involve the inhibition of the anterior cingulate gyrus, while the effects of aerobic exercise may be related to the modulation of neural synchronization of emotional reflexes. The discovery of these fMRI evidence findings may offer novel strategies for early detection and intervention in cases of StD.

Inhibition of SPARC signal by aerobic exercise to ameliorate atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammation and atherosclerosis (AS) are closely associated to Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) and its related factors. This study attempted to define the role and the potential mechanism of SPARC and its related factors in ameliorating hyperlipidemia and AS by aerobic exercise intervention. METHODS: The AS rat model was established with a high-fat diet plus vitamin D3 intraperitoneal injection. Treadmill exercises training (5 days/week at 14 m/min for 60 min/day) for 6 weeks was carried out for AS rat intervention method. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression of SPARC and its related factors, respectively. H&E staining was applied to evaluate the morphological changes and inflammation damage. Von Kossa staining was used to measure the degree of vascular calcification. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the expression and distribution of SPARC signal molecules. RESULTS: SPARC was highly expressed and co-localization with the smooth muscle marker α-SMC in the AS rat. And its downstream factors, NF-κB, Caspase-1, IL-1ß and IL-18 were upregulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), FNDC5 expression was downregulated in AS rat model. However, slight declined body weight, delayed AS progression, decreased hyperlipidemia and favorable morphology of skeletal muscle and blood vessels have been detected in AS rat with aerobic exercise intervention. Moreover, the expression of SPARC and its downstream factors were decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while elevated the expression of FNDC5 (P < 0.01) was observed after aerobic exercise intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that aerobic exercise ameliorated hyperlipidemia and AS by effectively inhibiting SPARC signal, and vascular smooth muscle cells may contribute greatly to the protection of AS.

Acute aerobic exercise at different intensities modulates inhibitory control and cortical excitability in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on inhibitory control and cortical excitability in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: The study was conducted in a within-subject design. Twenty-four adults with ADHD completed a stop signal task and received cortical excitability assessment by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after a single session of low-, moderate-, high-intensity aerobic exercise or a control intervention. RESULTS: Acute moderate-, and high-intensity aerobic exercise improved inhibitory control in adults with ADHD. Moreover, the improving effect was similar between moderate-, and high-intensity aerobic exercise conditions. As shown by the brain physiology results, short interval intracortical inhibition was significantly increased following both, moderate- and high-intensity aerobic exercise intervention conditions. Additionally, the alteration of short interval intracortical inhibition and inhibitory control improvement were positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The moderate-, and high-intensity aerobic exercise-dependent alterations of cortical excitability in adults with ADHD might partially explain the inhibitory control-improving effects of aerobic exercise in this population.

The effects of biological and chemical silver nanoparticles along with aerobic and anaerobic training protocols on tissues: Morphological and histopathological evaluation.

Nanotechnology and its byproducts are used increasingly considering its global nanotechnology market size and many applications in the health field. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on cellular uptake of nanoparticles in body tissues. Fusarium oxysporum was used to synthesize biological AgNPs in silver nitrate solution and UV-vis spectrophotometer; XRD and TEM were used to confirm production of nanoparticles. Moreover, 45 male Wistar rats were purchased and randomly divided into 9 equal groups including healthy control groups, aerobic preparation, anaerobic preparation, biological AgNPs, chemical AgNPs, biological AgNPs+aerobic preparation, biological AgNPs+anaerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+ aerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+anaerobic preparation. In order to induce aerobic and anaerobic preparation and to create tissue adaptations, male rats completed two types of aerobic and anaerobic protocols three sessions per week for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, sampling was done for histopathology study. The size and shape of AgNPs was 20-30 nm and spherical to polygonal, respectively. The results showed that anaerobic exercise was significantly effective in weight loss. The chemical nanoparticle group led to more intensive tissue degradation in all variables and there were no significant tissue changes in the aerobic, anaerobic, the biological nanoparticles + aerobic and anaerobic groups. It seems that biological AgNPs are more effective than chemical AgNPs on body tissues and chemical AgNPs lead to more tissue damage in most variables. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: There were severe degradative histological effects in the chemical AgNPs groups compare biological AgNPs groups, in terms of most variables.

Influence of an Exercise-Specific Face Mask on Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Graded Exercise.

The impact of exercise-specific face masks (ESFMs) in aerobically fit individuals on physiological, perceptual, respiratory, and performance responses remains unclear. How ESFMs mitigate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is also unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine how an ESFM altered within-exercise physiological, perceptual, respiratory, and performance responses to graded treadmill exercise. Twenty-four individuals (11 females) completed a discontinuous graded exercise test on a treadmill under two conditions (ESFM and unmasked). Physiological, respiratory function, and perceptual measures were assessed. Performance was determined by time to exhaustion. Statistical analyses included linear mixed-effects modeling, repeated measures analysis of variance, and pairwise comparisons using an alpha value of 0.05. ESFM use significantly impaired performance (median = -150.5 s) and decreased arterial oxygen saturation at maximal intensity (mean = -3.7%). Perceptions of air hunger and work of breathing were elevated across submaximal and maximal intensities. Perceived exertion and breathing discomfort were significantly elevated submaximally but not maximally. Spirometry measures were not significantly different at termination but were significantly improved at submaximal intensities in participants with and without EIB. ESFM use in fit individuals increased perceptual discomfort, impaired performance, and augmented arterial desaturation. Respiratory function improvements were observed but were accompanied by adverse perceptual sensations. Despite this, performance impairments may limit the real-world utility of ESFMs for athletes.

Exploring the influence of a 4-week aerobic exercise intervention on cognitive control processes in young adults: An SFT and DDM study.

Prior research has highlighted the potential impact of aerobic exercise on cognitive functioning, particularly in situations demanding heightened cognitive control. However, the mechanism underlying this cognitive enhancement has remained unknown. To address this issue, this study examined the impact of a 4-week aerobic exercise program on cognitive control processes in young male adults (aerobic exercise group: n=36, aged 21.42±1.13years) in comparison to a control group that received no treatment (n=33, aged 21.82±1.76years). We employed the redundant-target Stroop task to investigate inhibition processes at both perceptual and semantic stages. Utilizing systems factorial technology and the drift diffusion model, we assessed changes in resilience capacity and the underlying cognitive mechanisms. Our primary findings revealed a significant reduction in mean response times (RTs) in the aerobic exercise group, accompanied by a decrease in RT variability when inhibiting semantic processing. Resilience capacity significantly declined in both groups at similar levels. Notably, the aerobic exercise group exhibited an enhanced drift rate during automatic response inhibition and reduced non-decision time in the condition involving the inhibition of perceptual information. This study deepens our understanding of how a 4-week aerobic exercise program enhances cognitive control, affecting distinct cognitive processes, including processing speed, information accumulation during automatic response inhibition, and sensory and motor processes in perceptual conflicts. Our research underscores the potential of aerobic exercise as a means to boost cognitive control among young adults.